'Chippewa' entry from Hodge's Handbook

Abstract: The 'Chippewa' entry from Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, edited by Frederick Webb Hodge (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30. GPO: 1910.)

Authors: James Mooney and Cyrus Thomas, both of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

See also: Lee Sultzman's Compact History of the Chippewa or Ojibwa at
<<http://www.dickshovel.com/ojib.html >>

Chippewa (popular adaptation of Ojibway , 'to roast till puckered up,' referring to the puckered seam on their moccasins; from ojib 'to pucker up,' ub-way 'to roast'). One of the largest tribes N. of Mexico, whose range was formerly along both shores of L. Huron and L. Superior, extending across Minnesota to Turtle mts., N. Dak. Although strong in numbers and occupying an extensive territory, the Chippewa were never prominent in history, owing to their remoteness from the frontier during the period of the colonial wars. According to tradition they are part of an Algonquian body, including the Ottawa and Potawatomi, which separated into divisions when it reached Mackinaw in its westward movement, having come from some point N. or N. E. of Mackinaw. Warren (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., V, 1885) asserts that they were settled in a large village at La Pointe, Wis., about the time of the discovery of America, and Verwyst (Missionary Labors, 1886) says that about 1612 they suddenly abandoned this locality, many of them going back to the Sault, while others settled at the W. end of L. Superior, where Father Allouez found them in 1665-67. There is nothing found to sustain the statement of Warren and Verwyst in regard to the early residence of the tribe at La Pointe. They were first noticed in the Jesuit Relation of 1640 under the name Baouichtigouin (probably Bawa'tig owininiwug [a = long a, o = long o, u = short u], 'people of the Sault'), as residing at the Sault, and it is possible that Nicollet met them in 1634 or 1639. In 1642 they were visited by Raymbaut and Jogues, who found them at the Sault and at war with a people to the W., doubtless the Sioux. A remnant or offshoot of the tribe resided N. of L. Superior after the main body moved S. to Sault Ste Marie, or when it had reached the vicinity of the Sault. The Marameg, a tribe closely related to if not an actual division of the Chippewa, who dwelt along the N. shore of the lake, were apparently incorporated with the latter while they were at the Sault, or at any rate prior to 1670 (Jesuit Rel., 1670). On the N. the Chippewa are so closely connected with the Cree and Maskegon that the three can be distinguished only by those intimately acquainted with their dialects and customs, while on the S. the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi have always formed a sort of loose confederacy, frequently designated in the last century the Three Fires. It seems to be well established that some of the Chippewa have resided N. of L. Superior from time immemorial. These and the Marameg claimed the N. side of the lake as their country. According to Perrot some of the Chippewa living S. of L. Superior in 1670-99, although relying chiefly on the chase, cultivated some maize, and were then at peace with the neighboring Sioux. It is singular that this author omits to mention wild rice (Zizania aquatica) among their food supplies, since the possession of wild-rice fields was one of the chief causes of their wars with the Dakota, Foxes, and other nations, and according to Jenks (19th Rep. B. A. E., 1900) 10,000 Chippewa in the United States use it at the present time. About this period they first came into possession of firearms, and were pushing their way westward, alternately at peace and at war with the Sioux and in almost constant conflict with the Foxes. The French, in 1692, reëstablished a trading post at Shaugawaumikong, now La Pointe, Ashland co., Wis., which became an important Chippewa settlement. In the beginning of the 18th century the Chippewa succeeded in driving the Foxes, already reduced by a war with the French, from N. Wisconsin, compelling them to take refuge with the Sauk. They then turned against the Sioux, driving them across the Mississippi and S. to Minnesota r., and continued their westward march across Minnesota and North Dakota until they occupied the headwaters of Red r., and established their westernmost band in the Turtle mts. It was not until after 1736 that they obtained a foothold W. of L. Superior. While the main divisions of the tribe were thus extending their possessions in the W., others overran the peninsula between L. Huron and L. Erie, which had long been claimed by the Iroquois through conquest. The Iroquois were forced to withdraw, and the whole region was occupied by the Chippewa bands, most of whom are now known as Missisauga, although they still call themselves Ojibwa. The Chippewa took part with the other tribes of the N. W. in all the wars against the frontier settlements to the close of the war of 1812. Those living within the United States made a treaty with the Government in 1815, and have since remained peaceful, all residing on reservations or allotted lands within their original territory in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota, with the exception of the small band of Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa, who sold their lands in S. Michigan in 1836 and are now with the Munsee in Franklin co., Kans.

Schoolcraft, who was personally acquainted with the Chippewa and married a woman of the tribe, describes the Chippewa warriors as equaling in physical appearance the best formed of the N. W. Indians, with the possible exception of the Foxes. Their long and successful contest with the Sioux and Foxes exhibited their bravery and determination, yet they were uniformly friendly in their relations with the French. The Chippewa are a timber people. Although they have long been in friendly relations with the whites, Christianity has had but little effect on them, owing largely to the conservatism of the native medicine-men. It is affirmed by Warren, who is not disposed to accept any statement that tends to disparage the character of his people, that, according to tradition, the division of the tribe residing at La Pointe practiced cannibalism, while Father Belcourt affirms that, although the Chippewa of Canada treated the vanquished with most horrible barbarity and at these times ate human flesh, they looked upon cannibalism, except under such conditions, with horror. According to Dr William Jones (inf'n, 1905), the Pillagers of Bear id. assert that cannibalism was occasionally practised ceremonially by the Chippewa of Leech lake, and that since 1902 the eating of human flesh occurred on Rainy r. during stress of hunger. It was the custom of the Pillager band to allow a warrior who scalped an enemy to wear on his head two eagle feathers, and the act of capturing a wounded prisoner on the battlefield earned the distinction of wearing five. Like the Ottawa, they were expert in the use of the canoe, and in their early history depended largely on fish for food. There is abundant evidence that polygamy was common, and indeed it still occurs among the more wandering bands (Jones). Their wigwams were made of birch bark or of grass mats; poles were first planted in the ground in a circle, the tops bent together and tied, and the bark or mats thrown over them, leaving a smoke hole at the top. They imagined that the shade, after the death of the body, followed a wide beaten path, leading toward the W., finally arriving in a country abounding in everything the Indian desires. It is a general belief among the northern Chippewa that the spirit often returns to visit the grave, so long as the body is not reduced to dust. Their creation myth is that common among the northern Algonquians. Like most other tribes they believe that a mysterious power dwells ia all objects, animate and inanimate. Such objects are manitus, which are ever wakeful and quick to hear everything in the summer, but in winter, after snow falls, are in a torpid state. The Chippewa regard dreams as revelations, and some object which appears therein is often chosen as a tutelary deity. The Medewiwin, or grand medicine society (see Hoffman, 7th Rep. B. A. E., 1891), was formerly a powerful organization of the Chippewa, which controlled the movements of the tribe and was a formidable obstacle to the introduction of Christianity. When a Chippewa died it was customary to place the body in a grave facing W., often in a sitting posture, or to scoop a shallow cavity in the earth and deposit the body therein on its back or side, covering it with earth so as to form a small mound, over which boards, poles, or birch bark were placed. According to McKenney (Tour to the Lakes, 1827), the Chippewa of Fond du Lac, Wis., practised scaffold burial, the corpse being inclosed in a box. Mourning for a lost relative continued for a year, unless shortened by the meda or by certain exploits in war.

Authors differ as to the names and number of the Chippewa gentes, which range all the way from 11 to 23. Warren gives 21 gentes, of which the following are not included among those named by Morgan: Manumaig (Catfish), Nebaunaubay (Merman), Besheu (Lynx), Mous (Moose), Nekah (Goose), Udekumaig (Whitefish), Gyaushk (Gull). Some of them, Warren says, have but few members and are not known to the tribe at large. The Maskegon sprang from the Reindeer, Lynx, and Pike (Pickerel) gentes, which went to the N. of L. Superior when the tribe moved W. from Sault Ste Marie. Among some of the Chippewa these gentes are associated in 5 phratries: the Awausee, Businausee, Ahahweh, Noka, and Mousonee. The Awausee phratry includes the Catfish, Merman, Sturgeon, Pike (Pickerel), Whitefish, and Sucker gentes -- all the Fish gentes. The Businausee phratry includes the Crane and Eagle gentes, businausee, 'echo-maker,' being a name for the crane. The Ahahweh phratry includes the Loon, Goose, and Cormorant gentes, ahahweh being a name for the loon, though the Loon gens is called Mong. Morgan makes Ahahweh distinct and called them the 'Duck' gens. The Noka (No-'ke, Bear) phratry included the Bear gentes, of which there were formerly several named from different parts of the bear's body; but these are now consolidated and no differences are recognized excepting between the common and the grizzly bears. The Mousonee phratry includes the Marten, Moose, and Reindeer gentes. Mousonee seems to be the proper name of the phratry, though it is also called Waubishashe, from the important Marten gens which is said to have sprung from the incorporated remnant of the Mundua. Morgan (Anc. Soc., 166, 1877) names the following 23 gentes:, Myeengun (Wolf), Makwa (Bear), Ahmik (Beaver), Mesheka (Mud turtle), Mikonoh (Snapping turtle), Meskwadare, (Little turtle, Ahdik (Reindeer), Chueskweskewa (Snipe), Ojeejok (Crane), Kakake (Pigeon hawk) [=Kagagi, Raven], Omegeeze (Bald eagle), Mong (Loon), Ahahweh, (Duck), [=Wäeä e, Swan], Sheshebe (Duck), Kenabig (Snake), Wazhush (Muskrat), Wabezhaze (Marten), Mooshkaooze (Heron), Ahwahsissa (Bullhead), Namabin (Carp [Catfish]), Nama (Sturgeon), Kenozhe (Pike) [=Kinoga Pickerel]. Tanner gives also the Pepegewizzains (Sparrow-hawk), Mussundummo (Water snake); and the forked tree as totems among the Ottawa and Chippewa.

It is impossible to determine the past or present numbers of the Chippewa, as in former times only a small part of the tribe came in contact with the whites at any period, and they are now so mixed with other tribes in many quarters that no separate returns are given. The principal estimates are as follow: In 1764, about 25,000; 1783 and 1794, about 15,000; 1843, about 30,000; 1851, about 28,000. It is probable that most of these estimates take no account of more remote bands. In 1884 there were in Dakota 914; in Minnesota, 5,885; in Wisconsin, 3,656; in Michigan, 3,500 returned separately, and 6,000 Chippewa and Ottawa, of whom perhaps one-third are Chippewa; in Kansas, 76 Chippewa, and Munsee. The entire number in the United States at this time was therefore about 16,000. In British America those of Ontario, including the Nipissing, numbered at the same time about 9,000, while in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories there were 17,129 Chippewa and Cree on reservations under the same agencies. The Chippewa now (1905) probably number 30,000 to 32,000 -- 15,000 in British America and 14,144 in the United States, exclusive of about 3,000 in Michigan.

As the Chippewa were scattered over a region extending 1,000 m. from E. to W., they had a large number of villages, bands, and local divisions. Some of the bands bore the name of the village, lake, or river near which they resided, but these were grouped under larger divisions or subtribes which occupied certain fixed limits and were distinguished by marked differences. According to Warren there were 10 of these principal divisions: Kechegummewininewug, on the S. shore of L. Superior; Betonukeengainubejig in N. Wisconsin; Munominikasheenhug, on the headwaters of St Croix r. in Wisconsin and Minnesota; Wahsuahgunewininewug, at the head of Wisconsin r.; Ottawa Lake Men, on Lac Courte Oreilles, Wis.; Kechesebewininewug, on the upper Mississippi in Minnesota; Mukmeduawininewug, or Pillagers, on Leech lake, Minn.; Sugwaundugahwininewug, N. of L. Superior; Kojejewininewug, on Rainy lake and r. about the N. boundary of Minnesota; and Omushkasug, on the N. W. side of L. Superior at the Canadian border. Besides these general divisions the following collective or local names are recognized as belonging to various settlements, bands, or divisions of the tribe: Angwassag, Big Rock, Little Forks, Menitegow, Blackbird, Menoquet's Village, Ketchewaundaugenink, Kawkawling, Kishkawbawee, Saginaw, Thunder Bay, Nagonabe, Ommunise, Shabwasing, Beaver Islands, Nabobish, Cheboygan, Otusson, Reaum's Village, and Wapisiwisibiwininiwak, in lower Michigan; Red Cedar Lake, Sukaauguning, Knife Lake, Kechepukwaiwah, Long Lake, Chetac Lake, Turtle Portage, Rice Lake, Yellow Lake, Trout Lake, Pawating, Ontonagon, Wauswagiming, Lac Courte Oreilles, Shaugwaumikong, Burnt Woods, Gatagetegauning, Bay du Noc, Wequadong, Mekadewagamitigweyawininiwak, Michilimackinac, St Francis Xavier, and Wiaquahhechegunmeeng, in Wisconsin and upper Michigan; Grand Portage, Pokegama, Fond du Lac, Red Cliff, Crow Wing River, Gull Lake, Onepowesepewenenewak, Miskwagamiwisagaigan, Wabasemowenenewak(?), Wanamakewajenenik, Mikinakwadshiwininiwak, Misisagaikaniwininiwak, Gasakaskuatchimmekak, Oschekkamegawenenewak, Winnebegoshishiwininiwak, Gamiskwakokawininiwak, Gawababiganikak, Anibiminanisibiwininiwak, Kahmetahwungaguma, and Rabbit Lake, in Minnesota and the Dakotas; Oueschekgagamioulimy, Walpole Island, Obidgewong, Michipicoten, Doki's Band, Bagoache, Epinette (1744), Ouasouarini, Mishtawavawininiwak, Nopeming, and Nameuilni, in Ontario; Portage de Prairie, Mattawan, and Pic River in Manitoba; and Nibowisibiwininiwak in Saskatchewan.

(J. M. C. T. )

Achipoés. -- Prise de Possession (1671) in Perrot, Mém., 293,1864. Achipoué. -- Neill in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., V, 398, 1885 Anchipawah. -- Boudinot, Star in the West, 126, 1816. An-ish-in-aub-ag. -- Warren in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., V, 45, 1885 ('spontaneous men'). A-wish-in-aub-ay. -- Ibid., 37. Ax shissayé-rúnu. -- Gatschet. Wyandot MS., B.A.E., 1881 (Wyandot name). Baouichtigouin. -- Jes. Rel.1640, 34, 1858. Bawichtigouek . -- Ibid., index. Bawichtigouin. -- Ibid. Bedzaqetcha. -- Petitot, Montagnais MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1869 ('long ears': Tsattine name). Bedzietcho. -- Petitot, Hare MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1869 (Kawchodinne name). Bungees. -- Henry, MS. vocab. (Bell copy, B. A. E.), 1812 (so called by Hudson Bay traders). Cabellos realzados. -- Duro, Don Diego de Peñalosa, 43, 1882 (the Raised-hair tribe of Shea's Peñalosa; Cheveux-relevés of the French). Chebois. -- Gass, Jour., 47, note, 1807. Chepawas. -- Croghan (1759) quoted by Kauffman, West. Penn., 132, app., 1851. Chepeways. -- Croghan (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th s., IX, 287,1871. Chepowas. -- Croghan (1759) quoted by Proud, Penn., II, 296, 1798. Cheppewes. -- Shirley (1755) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VI, 1027,1855. Chiappawaws. -- Loudon, Coll. Int. Nar., I, 34, 1808. Chibois. -- Bouquet (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th s., IX, 295, 1871. Chipawawas. -- Goldthwait (1766) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st s., X, 122, 1809. Chipaways. -- Croghan (1760), ibid., 4th s., IX, 250,1871. Chipaweighs. -- German Flats conf. (1770) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VIII, 229, 1857. Chipewas. -- Lattré, map U.S., 1784. Chipéways. -- Carver(1766) Trav., 19, 1778. Chipeweghs. -- Johnson (1763) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VII, 526, 1856. Chipeweighs. -- Johnson (1763), ibid., 583, 1856. Chipiwa. -Treaty of 1820, U. S. Ind. Treat., 369,1873. Chipoës . -- Prise de Possession (1671) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IX, 803, 1855. Chippawas. -- Croghan (1759) quoted by Jefferson, Notes, 143, 1825. Chipawees. -- Writer of 1756 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1st S.,VII, 123, 1801. Chippeouays. -- Toussaint, map of Am., 1839. Chippewaes . -- Johnson (1763) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VII, 525, 1856. Chippewais . -- Perrot (ca. 1721) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. II, pt. 2, 24, 1864. Chippewas. -- Washington (1754) quoted by Kauffman, West. Penn., 67, 1851. Chippewaus. -- Edwards (1788) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st S., IX, 92, 1804. Chippeways. -- Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 556, 1858. Chippeweighs. -- Johnson (1767) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VII, 969, 1856. Chippewyse. -- Ft Johnson conf. (1755), ibid., VI, 975, 1855. Chippoways. -- Washington (1754) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st S., VI, 140, 1800. Chippuwas . -- Heckewelder quoted by Barton, New Views, app. 1, 1798. Chipwaes . -- Croghan (1765) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VII, 782, 1856. Chipwas . Bouquet (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th S., IX, 321, 1871. Chipways . -- Croghan (1765), op. cit. Cypoways. -- Beltrami quoted by Neill, Minn., 350, 1858. De-wa-ka-nha' [a = short a]. -- Hewitt, Mohawk MS. vocab., B. A. E. (Mohawk name). Dewoganna's . -- Bellomont (1698) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IV, 407, 1854. Douaganhas . -- Cortland (1687), ibid., III, 434, 1853. Douwaganhas. -- Ibid. Dovaganhaes. -- Livingston (1691), ibid., 778. Dowaganahs . -- Doc. of 1700, ibid., IV, 701, 1854. Dowaganhas. -- Cortland (1687), ibid, III, 434, 1855. Dowanganhaes. -- Doc. of 1691, ibid, 1776. Dshipowe-hága [e = long e]. -- Gatschet, Caughnawaga MS., B. A. E., 1882 (Caughnawaga name). Dwa-ka-nen [all vowels short]. -- Hewitt, Onondaga MS. vocab., B.A. E. (Onondaga name). Dwa-ka-nha' [all vowels short]. -- Hewitt, Seneca and Onondaga vocab., B. A. E., 1880 (Seneca and Onondaga name). Eskiaeronnon. -- Jes. Rel. 1649, 27, 1858 (Huron name; Hewitt. says it signifies 'people of the falls'). Estiaghes. -- Albany conf. (1726) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., v, 791, 1855. Estiaghicks. Colden (1727), ibid., IV, 737, note, 1854. Estjage. -- Livingston (1701), ibid., 899, 1854. Etchipoës. -- Prise de possession (1671), ibid., IX, 808, 1855. Gibbaways. -- Imlay, West Ter., 363, 1797. Ha hatona [a = long a]. -- Featherstonhaugh, Canoe Voy., I, 300, 1847. Hahatonwan [h = dot over the h]. -- Iapi Oaye, XIII, no. 2, 6, Feb., 1884 (Sioux name). Haháto nwan[Dot over the h, descenders on the n's]. -- Riggs, Dakota Dict., 72, 1852 (Sioux name). Hahatonway [h = dot over the h]. -- Matthews, Hidatsa Inds., 150, 1877 (Sioux name). Ha-h at-tong [a = 4 over the a, o = 3 over the o]. -- Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, lxxxiv, 1823 (Hidatsa name, incorrectly rendered 'leapers'). Ha-há-tu-a [h = dot over the h]. -- Matthews, Hidatsa Inds., 150, 1877 (Hidatsa name; h [dot over the h], guttural). Ha-ha-twawms. -- Neill, Minn.,113,1858. Hah-hah-ton-wah . -- Gale, Upper Miss., 265, 1867. Hrah-hrah-twauns. -- Ramsey ( ca. 1852) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., I, 501 1872. Icbewas. -- Boudinot, Star in the West, 126, 1816 (misprint). Jibewas. -- Smith (1799) quoted by Drake, Trag. Wild., 213, 1841. Jumpers. -- Neill, Minn. 36, 1858 (incorrect translation of Saulteurs. Khahkhahtons. -- Snelling, Tales of the Northwest, 137, 1830 (Sioux name). Khakhatons . -- Ibid., 144. Khakhatonwan. -- Williamson, Minn. Geol. Rep. for 1884, 107. Kútaki. -- Gatschet, Fox MS., B. A. E., 1882 (Fox name). Leapers. -- Hennepin, New Discov., 86, 1698 (incorrect rendering of Saulteurs). Nation du Sault. -- Jogues and Raymbaut in Jes. Rel. 1642, II, 95,1858. Né-a-ya-og/. -- Hayden, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Val. 235, 1862 ('those speaking the same language': Cree name). Ne-gá-tce [e = short e]. -- St Cyr, oral inf'n, 1886 (Winnebago name; plural, Ne-gátc-hi-ján ).. Ninniwas. -- Rafinesque, Am. Nations, I, 123, 1836. Nwa '-ka [a = short a]. -- Hewitt, Tuscarora MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1880 (Tuscarora name). Objibways. -- Kingsley, Stand. Nat. Hist., pt. 6, 143, 1883. O/-ch epe/wag [O = 1 over the O, e = 1 over the e, e = 2 over the e, 1 over the a]. -- Long, Exped. St. Peter's R., II, 151, 1824. Ochipawa. -- Umfreville (1790) in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., VI, 270, 1859. Ochipewa . -- Richardson, Arct. Exped., 71, 1851. Ochipoy. -- York (1700) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IV, 749,1854. Ochippewais. -- Foster in Sen. Misc. Doc. 39, 42d Cong., 3d sess., 6, 1873. Odchipewa. -- Hutchins (1770) quoted by Richardson, Arct. Exped., II, 38, 1851. Odgjiboweke . -- Perrot. Mém..193.1864. Odjibewais. -- Ibid. Od-jib-wäg . -- Schoolcraft quoted in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., V, 35, 1885. Odjibwas . -- Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, I, 307, 1851. Odjibwe. -- Kelton, Ft Mackinac, 153, 1884. Odjibwek. -- Belcourt (1850?) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., I, 227, 1872. Ogibois. -- M'Lean Hudson Bay, II, 323, 1849. 0-je-bway. -- Jones, Ojebway Inds., 164, 1861. 0jeebois . -- Henry, MS. vocab. (Bell copy, B. A. E.), 1812. Ojibaway. -- Lewis and Clark, Trav.. 53, 1806. 0jibbewaig. -- Tanner, Narr., 315, 1830 (Ottawa name). Ojibbeways. -- Ibid., 36. Ojibboai. -- Hoffman, Winter in the Far West, II, 15, 1821. Ojibeways. -- Perkins and Peck, Annals of the West, 1850. Ojibois. -- Gunn in Smithson. Rep., 400, 1868. Ojibua. --Maximilian, Trav., 135, note, 1843. O-jib-wage . -- Morgan, Consang. and Affin., 287, 1871. Qjibwaig. -- Hale, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Val., 224, 1846. Ojibwas. -- Ind. Aff. Rep., 454, 1838. 0-jib-wa-uk/. -- Morgan, Consang. and Affin., 287, 1871. Ojibways. -- Am. Pioneer, II, 190, 1843. 0jibway-ugs. -- Foster in Sen. Misc. Doc. 39, 42d Cong., 3d sess., 6, 1873. Ojibwe. -- Burton, City of the Saints, 117, 1861. Ontehibouse . -- Raymbaut (1641) quoted in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1849, 70, 1850 (probably a misprint). Oshibwek. -- Belcourt (1850?) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., I, 227, 1872. Ostiagaghroones. -- Canajoharie conf. (1759) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist.,VII, 384, 1856. Ostiagahoroones. -- Neill in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., v, 397, 1885 (Iroquois name). Otchepóse. -- Proces verbal (1682) in French, Hist. Coll. La., II, 19, 1875. Otchipoeses . -- La Salle (1682) in Margry, Déc., II, 187, 1877. Otchipois . -- La Salle (1682) in French, Hist. Coll. La., I, 46, 1846. Otchipoises . -- Hildreth, Pioneer Hist., 9, 1848. Otchipwe. -- Baraga, Otchipwe Gram., title, 1878. Otjibwek. -- Perrot, Mém., 193, 1864. Ottapoas. -- Buchanan, N. Am. Inds., 156, 1824. Oucahipues. -- La Hontan (1703), New Voy., II, 87, 1735. Ouchibois. -- Writer of 1761 in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th s., IX, 428, 1871. Ouchipawah. -- Pike (1806) quoted by Schoolcraft, Ind.Tribes, III, 563, 1853. Ouchipöe . -- La Chesnaye (1697) in Margry, Déc., VI, 6, 1886. Ouchipoves . -- Coxe, Carolana, map, 1741. Outachepas. -- McKenney and Hall, Ind. Tribes, III, 79, 1854. Outchibouec. -- Jes. Re1. 1667, 24, 1858. Outchibous. -- Ibid., 1670, 79, 1858. Outchipoue. -- Gallinèe (1669) in Margry, Déc. I, 163, 1875. Outchipwais. -- Bell in Can. Med. and Surg. Jour., Mar. and Apr., 1886. Outehipoues. -- La Hontan, New Voy., I, 230, 1703. Paouichtigouin. -- Jes. Rel., III, index, 1858. Paouitagoung. -- Ibid. Paouitigoueieuhak. -- Ibid. Paouitingouach-irini. -- Ibid. Qa-qán-to n-wa. -- Dorsey, oral inf'n, 1886 (Sioux name). Ra-ra-to-oans . -- Warren (1852) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., v, 96, 1885. Ra-ra-t'wans . -- Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1849, 72, 1850 (Sioux name). Salteur . -- Bacqueville de la Potherie, II, 48, 1753. Santeaux. -- Brown, West. Gaz., 265, 1817 (misprint). Santena. -- Gunn in Smithson. Rep. 1867, 400, 1868 (misprint). Santeurs. -- Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 26, 1744 (misprint). Saulteaux. -- Beauharnois (1745) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., v, 432, 1885. Saulteurs. -- Jes. Rel. 1670, 79, 1858. Saulteuse . -- Belcourt (ca. 1850) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., I, 228, 1872. Saulteux. -- Gallinée (1669) in Margry, Déc., I, 163, 1875. Sault Indians. -- Vaudreuil (1710) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IX, 843, 1855. Sauteaux. -- Gamelin (1790) in Am. St. Papers, IV, 94, 1832. Sauters. -- Schermerhorn (1812) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. 2d s., II, 6, 1814. Sauteurs. -- Jes. Rel. 1667, 24, 1858. Sauteus . -- Cox, Columbia R., II, 270, 1831. Sauteux. -- Vaudreuil (1719) in N.Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IX, 893, 1855. Sautor. -- Carver (1766), Trav., 97, 1778. Sautous. -- King, Journ. to Arct. Ocean, I, 32, 1836. Sautoux. -- Ibid. Schipuwe. -- Heckewelder quoted by Barton, New Views, app., 1, 1798 (German form). Shepawees. -- Lindesay (1749) in N. Y. Doc. Co1. Hist., VI, 538, 1855. Shepewas. -- Bradstreet (ca. 1765), ibid., VII, 694, 1856. Shepuway. -- Heckewelder quoted by Barton, New Views, app., 1, 1798. Sothuze. -- Dalton (1783) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st s., X, 123, 1890. Sotoes. -- Cox, Columbia R., II, 270, 1831. Sotoos. -- Franklin, Journ. Polar Sea, 96, 1824. Sotto. -- Kane, Wanderings in N.A., 438, 1859. Soulteaux . -- Henry, MS. vocab. (Bell copy, B. A. E.), 1812. Souteus. -- Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 556,1853. Souties. -- Am. Pioneer, II, 192,1843. Stiaggeghroano. -- Post (1758) quoted by Proud, Penn., II, app., 113, 1798. Stiagigroone. -- Livingston (1700) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IV, 737, 1854. Tcipu /. -- Dorsey, Kansas MS. vocab., B.A.E.,1882 (Kansa name). Tschipeway. -- Wrangell, Ethnol. Nachr., 100, 1839. Tschippiweer . -- Walch, map, 1805 (German form). Tsipu/ . -- Dorsey, Osage MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1883 (Osage name). Twa -'ka/-nha' [a = short a]. -- Smith, Cayuga and Oneida MS. vocabs., B. A. E., 1884 (Cayuga and Oneida name). Uchipweys. -- Dalton (1783) in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1st s., X, 123, 1809. Wah-kah-towah. -- Tanner, Narr., 150, 1830 (Assiniboin name).


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